Lifespan Development Research Paper - Parenting Styles
By Emily Leto
Research Review
Authoritative style is where parents display high structure and warmth (188). “These parents are good orators and often use reason and logic for subjugation. Authoritative parents at the beginning of communication with children respond in such a way that is usually happy for children” (Shahsavari 2012:139). This style has a befitting balance of independence and an interactive alliance between parents and children (140). “Parent who have this pattern of parenting make their children independence and freedom of thought and encourage them to have some kind of restrictions and controls imposed” (140).
Authoritarian style is a style where parents exhibit discipline, but display little affection (Jerry Bigner 2013:186). This style is all about restriction over a child's actions, “keeping the child in his place,” and distilling respect (186). “The adult decides what is appropriate child behavior, what rules are to be followed, and enforces consequences to transgressions” (186). Physical punishments and other forceful approaches are used in order to maintain the obediance of a child (186). For the child, what a parent says is law; and, a lot of times, this style converges with a perfectionist notion about what appropriate behavior is (186).
Parents who use a permissive style display affection, but exhibit little discipline. Also, they promote children's autonomy and assist them in learning how to make their own decisions. In this style, the opinion of the child is equivalent to that of an adult or their parent(s) (187). “These kinds of parents do not show any reaction then their kid’s actions and hence a range of different behaviors are tolerated in the family environment” (Shahsavari 2012:140-141). Parents in this group lack concern when it comes to their child's education and are uninterested whether or not their child spends time with them (141).
Neglect or the uninvolved style is a style where parents display very little affection and discipline. Features of this group include low control, low wanting, low acceptance, and low responsiveness. They pretty much have no interest or concern for their children (141). This is the lowest form of parenting, and often times it is considered the most dismal style.
All of these parenting styles have different purposes to help raise a child, whether that is building upon their morals, keep them safe, the enhancement of their talents, recognition, and the construction of the foundation of laws or social norms (140). With that in mind, these parenting styles affect a multitude of aspects within children. These aspects include personality, emotions, and behavior. Each parenting style has their own affect towards those aspects.
One of the main aspects of a child that can be affected by parenting styles is personality. Personality can be assessed by “The Big Five” model of personality, which contains five traits: agreeableness (friendly/compassionate vs. cold/unkind), extroversion (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved), conscientiousness (efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless), neuroticism (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident), and openness to experience (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious). Laura H. Weiss and J. Conrad Schwarz conducted a study where 178 students from the University of Connecticut, their roommates, mothers, fathers, and one sibling completed questionnaires and attended several sessions in order to examine the affects of parenting style types on adolescent outcome (Laura H. Weiss 1996: 2103). Results of this study showed that children from neglect homes “had the most extreme, low scores on agreeableness and openness to experience and were significantly different from children from most other homes, with the exception of authoritarian-directive,” or families with highly intrusive parents (2109). Under this model, children could constitute as being controlling, rude, rebellious, and missing creativity (2109). It was also found that children from authoritarian-directive homes were compellingly less open to experience than those from permissive homes (2109).
The strategies in which parents raise their children play critical role in the emotional development of a child. They control the skills of children and mold their acquisition of emotion regulation through parent-child intercommunication and association through their parenting techniques (Farah Jabeen et al. 2013:85-86). Jabeen, Haque, and Riaz defines emotion regulation as “the process of initiating, avoiding inhibiting maintaining, or modulating the occurrence, form, intensity, or duration of internal feeling states, emotion related psychological, attentional processes, motivational states, and/or behavioral concomitants of emotion in the service of accomplishing affect- related biological or social adaptation or achieving individual goals” (86). They agree that authoritarian parents are “demanding and unresponsive to emotional needs of child” (86). According to their study, there where 194 adolescents 12 to 15 years old and seventh, eighth, and ninth grade classes were required to fill out questionnaires, so that they could examine the affect of maternal and paternal parenting styles had on emotional regulation among adolescents (89, 94). Results showed that the “authoritative parenting style positively predicted emotion regulation of adolescents” (94). They also found that the permissive parenting style “had a significant negative effect on emotion regulation” (95). In addition, they found that the authoritative style “is a positive predictor of emotion regulation among adolescents” (96).
Parenting styles have also been known to affect the behavior of children. The main function of the authoritarian style is to maintain the obedience of a child. Permissive styles allow children to regulate their own behavior as much as possible, and authoritative styles try to guide the child's behavior without inflicting obedience (Don Carter 1981:191). The neglect style allows children to regulate their own behavior without any restrictions. Parenting styles can lead to problem behavior in children though. That behavior “can be manifested in either externalizing or internalizing behavior” (Kaisa Aunola 2005:1144). Aunola and Nurmi explain externalizing behavior as consisting of “disinhibited behaviors and other expressions of under socialization” where “children have underdeveloped self-regulation skills, leading to uncontrolled behaviors” (1144). They explained internalizing behavior as behavior “directed at oneself rather than others” (1144).
In their study of 207 5 to 6-year-old children, these children were to fill out two questionnaires, one based on the John Hopkins Depression Scale and the other one was the “Strengths and Difficulties” questionnaire to see what kind of impact particular parenting styles had on children's internal and external problem behaviors, asking about the behavioral control (maturity demands, monitoring, and limit setting) and psychological control (love withdrawal and guilt inducing) of their parents (1145,1148,1153). Results showed that “a high level of maternal psychological control combined with high affection predicted increases in the levels of children's internal and external problem behaviors during their transition from kindergarten to primary school. By contrast, a high level of maternal behavioral control combined with a low level of psychological control predicted decreases in the level of children's external problem behaviors” (1154). Aunola and Nurmi’s study also showed that “among those children whose mothers reported low affection, maternal psychological control predicted a decrease in children's external problem behavior” (1154).
The four parenting styles, each exhibiting different strategies, are affiliated with diverse child outcomes. This is because each parenting style affects a child's personality, emotion, and behavior differently. For example, authoritative parenting styles generally produce happy children, who are efficient and advantageous. Authoritarian styles produce obedient and adept children who are less happy and ranked low in social competence and self-esteem. Permissive styles tend to generate low happiness ranked and self-regulating children that are more likely to encounter issues with authority and operate inadequately in school. Neglect parenting styles tend to produce children with low self-control and low self-esteem along with being less competent than their peers (Cherry 2013).
Case Study
Thomas described his parents as being fair, balanced, and at times we lenient. He mentioned that as he got older he was able to do pretty much what he wanted as long as he followed the basic rules that were: don't lie; say where you are going and how late you will be out; and don't mess up the house. If rules were broken, depending on the severity of it, his parents either told him about it or took away videogames and television privileges. If grades weren't to his parent’s liking, they would be on him like white on rice until he got better ones. As for restrictions on food and television shows or movies, he mentioned that there weren’t any. His explanation was that because he ate normal food, it was not an issue. As for watching television shows and movies, his parents had this philosophy about watching inappropriate things, saying that he was too young to understand the raunchy jokes.
When he was an only child, he spent most of his time by himself. Though, when his stepsisters visited, his parents made more of an effort to make time for family by going on family vacations every year, going out to eat, hiking, biking, boating, and visiting sightseeing destinations. Thomas included information about how he was asked to do chores around the house. Most of the time, he didn't get an allowance. On rare occasions, his stepdad would give him twenty dollars for chores. He was taught about responsibility and could only buy things he wanted with his own money.
I believe his parents exercise the authoritative parenting style. I say this because his parents display high structure when needed but also high warmth. They encourage independence and freedom with some restrictions by letting him go out a night, but restricting him with the time he says he will be back. Thomas’s parents also use reason and logic for bringing about control. An example of this could be when they let him watch whatever he wanted when he was younger because he would not understand the dirty jokes anyway. They maintain a befitting balance of independence and an interactive alliance between parents and child. For example, his parent’s for the most part let him do what he wants with the understanding of not breaking the rules, and if he does, he gets told about it, usually understanding what he did wrong.
A Clinical Expert’s Opinion
“The Authoritarian parent is highly strict, enforce, and maintain rigid and constricting rules. This parent expects and insists on obedience. This parent will enforce a limit with the child and will seldom if ever provide the child with any explanation for the rule and/or consequence for not adhering to that rule. This parent does not encourage the child to learn from their own choices and may appear unemotional and detached from the child. The impact this type of parenting may have on a child is not very positive. This child may feel unloved and unimportant to the parent. The child may be obedient, but may feel incapable and will not have an adequate level of self-esteem or happiness.
The Authoritative parent is generally democratic in his/her presentation. There are clear rules established for the child as well as consequences for non-adherence to the rules; however, this parent presents as warm, kind and sensitive to the child and desires for the child to learn life lessons through challenging situations. This parent can be perceived by the child as nurturing and understanding, while still firm and assertive. The impact this type of parenting has on a child is the most positive of all of the parenting styles. This parent and child typically have a very positive and trusting relationship. Since the rules are predictable yet flexible at times, the child is able to learn to make careful decision for him/herself due to receiving adequate guidance from the parent. This child will feel loved and supported by the parent. This child will learn how to be independent, responsible and is generally well-adjusted, competent and successful in life. This child will likely be socially successful and have a healthy degree of emotional self-control compared to the other three styles.
The Permissive parent may be similar to Authoritative parents in that they are perceived by the child as loving and warm. However, this parent will seldom set and enforce limits on the child. They may indulge the child and refrain from placing any demands on the child. This parent may appear more like a friend rather than a parent to the child. The manifestation of this parenting style may result in behaviors such as defiance toward authorities and emotional dysregulation. The child may not develop an adequate level of self-control. This child may not experience happiness like the child of the authoritative parent and may experience performance problems in school.
The Uninvolved parent literally lacks involvement in the child's growth and development. The parent lacks the knowledge of the child's daily activities and provides no love, care or attention. The impact this parenting style may have on the child can be very detrimental on the child's development and emotional well-being. They were denied parental nurturance, guidance, love, and support and may therefore believe they are undeserving of other’s love and attention. This child may lack self-esteem, self-control, and may lack success.”
Waring concludes by talking about each parenting style and the subsequent impact these styles can potentially have on the child. She mentions that there is not a guarantee that all children will respond to the parenting style exactly the same. For an example, she said that the child of an authoritative or uninvolved parent may grow to be very successful to demonstrate to that parent that he/she can achieve and triumph despite their childhood emotional neglect. Also, the child of the Authoritative parent may eventually become a very irresponsible member of society, despite their nurturing guidance, love and support provided by the parent.
The Way the Issue is Portrayed by the General Media
A study was done where “a sample of family-oriented prime time television programs were selected, videotapes, encoded, using a modified cluster sampling technique” (Paula W. Dail 1985:493). The population included “all family-oriented television series that had Nielsen television ratings of .10 in overall rating or rating for men's or women's 18 to 34-year-old group, and were aired during prime time in November and December 1982” (494). Twelve different television series from the ABC, NBC, and CBS networks that aired from 7 PM to 10 PM were included in the study, creating a sample of 44 half-hour and hour-long episodes that were chosen (494).
Results showed that 20% were dual parent families, 21% were single-family headed families, 35% were single male headed families, and 14% were “other” family types (494). This study also showed that the majority of the families displayed in these shows were adults older than 30 years old and were employed in professional or semi-professional jobs. These television programs dominantly portrayed single-parent families, especially male headed households (494). The most frequent child rearing pattern displayed in these television shows were authoritative and expressive (nurturing, providing security, supportive, excepting, etc.) parental role performance (495). In addition, positive child responses, or responses that show some sort of agreements with the parent(s), outweighed the negative responses, or responses that did not take the side of the parent(s) (495). Lastly, the study showed that “fathers were more authoritarian compared to mothers who were both more authoritative and neutral,” or politely requests child to do something or comments on a neutral subject (494-495).
Even though Dail and Way’s study was done in the ‘80s, not much has changed when it comes to family-oriented prime time television in terms of parenting style. Though, there has been a difference in the content. Today, content includes more sex appeal, questionable language, and violence. Also, the frequency in which these types of shows air on those networks mentioned have slightly diminished. Nowadays, it is shows about fighting and solving crime, such as “Law and Order,” “CSI,” “NCI S,” etc., that is not to say that overall family-oriented shows have decreased in popularity. Channels such as “Disney” and “Nickelodeon” contain many family-oriented shows, and with the thousands of television channels, it is almost impossible to say whether these types of shows come on more frequently or not.
Integrated Conclusion
As for the third source by Weiss and Schwarz, it mainly focuses on how parenting styles affect children's personality, which is just a subsection of how parenting styles affect children. This journal includes information on how the four different parenting styles influence “The Big Five” personality traits by studying 178 students from the University of Connecticut, the roommates, mothers, fathers, and one sibling. Results showed something different for each style. The fourth source by Jabeen, Haque, and Riaz focuses on how parenting styles affect the emotions of children, which is the second subsection in my report. In this journal, they explain a case study that they conducted where they studied 194 12 to 15-year-old students from seventh, eighth, and ninth grade classes.
Results concluded that there were significant effects for certain parenting styles. For the fifth source, I used it to help me write the third subsection, which is about how parenting styles affect behavior. The article by Carter and Welch is used to briefly explain behaviors that parents expect from their children, while my sixth source by Aunola and Nurmi go into depth about problem behavior being brought out because of certain parenting styles. In this Journal, they mention their case study that they conducted with 207 5 to 6-year-olds. They found that different amounts of monitoring or maturity demands mixed with love withdrawal or guilt induction do affect levels of children's internal and external problem behaviors.
My last source by Kendra Cherry is used to tie up my conclusion. She gives information on how parenting styles affect the three subsections in my report, personality, emotion, and behavior. All of these sources helped me smoothly transition to the next section of the report, giving a harmony or congruity by agreeing with the issue at hand and by incorporating or adding onto previous information.
Works Cited
Cherry, K. (2013). Parenting Styles: The Four Styles of Parenting. Retrieved from About.com Psychology: http://psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/parenting-style.htmDon Carter, D. W. (1981, April). Parenting Styles and Children's Behavior. Family Relations, 30(2), 191-195. Retrieved November 22, 2013, from http://www.jstor/stable/584130
Farah Jabeen, M. A.-u.-H. (2013). Parenting Styles as Predictors of Emotion Regulation Among Adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 28(1), 85-105. Retrieved November 24, 2013
Jerry Bigner, T. G. (2013). Lifespan Development in Context. Redding: BVP Publishing.
Kaisa Aunola, J.-E. N. (2005, November-December). The Role of Parenting Stlyes in Children's Problem Behavior. Child Development, 76(6), 1144-1159. Retrieved November 22, 2013, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3696624
Laura H. Weiss, J. C. (1996). The Relationship between Parenting Types and Older Adolescents' Personality, Academic Achievement, and Substance Use. Child Development, 67(5), 2101-2114. Retrieved November 22, 2013, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1131612
Paula W. Dail, W. L. (1985, October). What Do Parents Oberve about Parenting from Prime Time Television. Family Relations, 34(4), 491-499. Retrieved November 24, 2013, from http://www.jstor.ord/stable/584009
Shahsavari, M. (2012). A General Overview on Parenting Styles ans its Effective Factors. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(8), 139-142. Retrieved November 22, 2013
Stop Killing SpidersBy Emily Leto
As you are studying vigorously, trying to memorize school material, a furry, penny-sized spider suddenly comes crawling across your desk. Out of the corner of your eye, you notice it and think whether you imagined it or not. When you turn your full attention towards that area of the desk, you find it’s not there. You try to go back to studying, but you can’t because you are thinking about that spider. This time, your eye catches it as it makes its second round. Your first reaction is to jump up, possibly scream. The next thing you do is find a way to kill it. After you squish it, your peace of mind is returned to you. A similar situation has happened to just about everyone, and their first instinct is to kill it. Because many people are uneducated or taught to fear all spiders, they tend to have this fear that all spiders are dangerous and are bad, generating the instinct to kill them at first glance. If a person finds a spider in their home or at work, they should capture it and let it go outside. And, if a person happens to see one outside, just leave it alone. Do not kill spiders. What most individuals do not realize is the contributions that spiders make to the environment and society, such as keeping insect populations down, creating more advanced technology, and providing medical advances.
What makes a bug a spider? Well, first off, spiders are arachnids (Wilsdon 17). They have two main body segments, the cephalothorax, which is the body segment that contains the head and thorax. The thorax includes the eight legs, and the second body segment is the abdomen. Spiders have two pedipalps, usually eight eyes, but not always, and a set of fangs (Robertson 46). All of them have the ability to produce silk from their abdominal glands. Spigots then secrete the silk that is on the spinnerets (Robertson 56). Currently, there are 40,000 species of spiders in the world, including 110 families (Platnick). There are still many more species left undiscovered. Out of those 40,000 species ninety-nine percent of them are poisonous, but only to insects or other creepy-crawly. Although, there are a few that are harmful to humans like the Black Widow spider or the Brown Recluse (Croes sec. 2). Regardless of whether or not they are harmful to humans, they should be respected and left alone.
A world without spiders would not be like the world we are currently living on. Insects would be running the earth as they destroyed many important crops that people depend on. An incredible amount of people would starve, especially the ones that only have farming as a way to obtain food. Businesses would be annihilated and bankrupted because of it. For example, a crop that is commonly used is corn. Studies were done in 2005 to see what amount of corn was used for products; “over fifty-eight percent of the U.S. corn crop was used for feed. The remaining U.S. crop was split between exports, twenty-five percent, and food, seed or industrial uses such as ethanol production, seventeen percent (Soyatech para. 2).” Now a day, corn is being used more frequently. Just in 2005, 706,263 metric tons of corn was being produced from other countries from around the world (Soyatech). That is just corn alone. Imagine what it would be like if insects whipped all of that corn out. Millions, possibly billions of products would not be produced. Many countries would suffer because of it. The lack of cash crops would not be the only problem though. Mosquitoes carrying and spreading Malaria, West Nile Virus, Yellow Fever, Dengue, and Encephalitis will increase, causing exponentially more deaths, especially in poor countries. Even ticks and fleas that carry diseases will increase. Termites that ruin building structures will cause even more damage as they wear down homes and other buildings.
Spiders will keep the insect population down and stop those dilemmas from ever happening. How they do that is by eating the insects. The majority of them spin webs, depending on the spider depends on the kind of web. There are a few types of webs, such as, hammock, lace-sheet, scaffold, and the triangle web. All of which reflect ultraviolet light, that is at the far end of the light spectrum, which can be seen by insects and spiders. It is believed that insects are lured to the web because the pattern resembles that of a flower. There is also a zigzag pattern or signature called stabilimenta that helps create a “flower pattern” in the insects’ eyes to confuse them, hence the reason why they do not try to avoid it. The pattern warns birds to fly around the web and tells humans to stay away (Robertson 56-57).
Reducing insect populations is not the only thing spiders are good for; they are used in technological advances. According to David Pogue, “Spider silk has been shown to have more tensile strength that steel and Kevlar. It can stretch 140 percent of its length without breaking and remains flexible even in extreme cold. It's also so lightweight that a mere pound of the stuff could form a single strand long enough to stretch around the equator.” Using this silk for practical use is possible, but rather difficult. A fashion designer named Nicholas Godley actually produced “the largest-known textile and sample or piece of spider silk in the world.” The only downfall was it took 1,063,000 golden orb spiders, taking about four years to capture them and producing the eleven by four foot fabric with each spider producing 400 yards of thread within twenty minutes. Extracting silk this way is not practical for commercial scale. Scientist Randy Lewis came up with an idea of combining the two genes in spider DNA that make silk with DNA of a goat by replicating the “silk” gene and splicing it into the DNA of the goat, giving the goat the ability to make spider-silk protein in its milk. According to Jeffrey Brown, “The scientists eventually turned those proteins into strands of silk that are stronger than steel (“Making Stuff”).”This idea makes it possible to produce spider-silk textiles at a commercial level. And, spider-silk fabrics will be more durable than other fabrics, so they can last a longer amount of time. That means money will be saved in the long-run because clothing will not have to be replaced as much. If the fabric is made out of spider silk, everything will remain as good as new.
There are medical advances to consider as well. It is known that when spider silk gets wet, it contrasts up to fifty percent. This fact gave researchers an idea. They adapted this tool in order to produce artificial muscle. When doing this they found spider-silk muscles have limited motion. The amount of movement depends solely on the amount of water in the air and around the muscle. To achieve a maximum contraction, high humidity would be needed and the opposite would alleviate the threads. Also, changing humidity around the fiber will instantly expand and contract but not by much. This means spider-silk muscles are not developed enough for actual humans yet, but that is not to say that it cannot be used in microelectromechanical systems, since not much silk is required. Microelectomechanical systems are “tiny devices that operate on very small scales to, for example, separate individual cells.” The spider-silk muscles in MEMS systems help create a door way in a tiny channel to separate individual cells (Bland).
Spider venom is currently being used as a medicine. Tamara Croes, an environmental consultant states, “Very low solutions of spider venom could inhibit the proliferation of lung cancer cells.” She also says, “Black widow spider venom has found to contain a peptide, which could potentially be used to treat Alzheimer's disease (Croes sec. 3).” These are just two examples of what spiders contribute to the medical world. There are plenty more benefactions spiders provide. If only more scientists would turn their attention to spiders, it could mean a whole difference, a difference that could cure cancer. Even prolonging the effects would make a huge change in a person’s life or the world. Spiders are more important than society knows.
All of the sources used agree that spiders can be used for beneficial purposes such as keeping insects inline, so that populations do not suddenly increase and take over the world; or, they can be used along with technology, whether that is producing stronger fabrics or tools. And, they are used in medical research that could potentially find cures or symptom reducers of illnesses that are deadly, having no cure. Each source provides knowledge, explaining benefits of spiders. If society could be taught about these benefits, then they will learn there is no good reason to kill a harmless spider. In order to educate them, a good way to do that is by teaching society early when they are school as their minds are still developing. Learning about the environment and all of its perks should be introduced in elementary and middle school. Then, in high school, information about insects and spiders affect the environment should be mandatory. Sometimes, it is the smallest things that are the most important.
There are a couple opposing arguments to this subject. For example, one is what if a Black Widow is found in or around someone’s home? According to the Alabama Cooperative Extension System, “An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach is the best means of control.” It would be wise to wear gloves and boots because a Black Widow’s bite is dangerous. They also say, “Remove any spiders, webs, and egg sacs by vacuuming. When emptying the vacuum bag, leave the motor running while sealing the bag. This avoids polluting the air with dust and the possible escape of some spiders. Dispose of the bag outside (Alabama Cooperative Extension System).” This means that the spiders can be spared if they are vacuumed up and let go outside. Sure, they are harmful to humans, but as long as they are out of the way, they are useful to the environment. Black Widows are not aggressive, so if you leave it alone, it will leave you alone.
It is not reasonable to ask people to collect spiders and donate them to science. What is reasonable is to better educate society about spiders, so people are not ignorant anymore and stop killing them just because they see one. Professionals should be handling them anyway. Scientists should be looking into them more instead of casting the idea away. Not all of them are doing that, but many are. Who knows? The answer to all of the world’s problems could be staring us in the face.
Who knew spiders could be utilized for so many things? Do not kill them. If only society could learn more about them, setting their fears aside, they will be shocked at what they find. Regardless of whether or not spiders are harmful to humans, respect them and leave them alone. Without them, there would be chaos. But, with them, leads to a world worth living on. A spider’s silk a stray, keeps the insects at bay.
Bibliography
Alabama Cooperative Extension System. The Black Widow. May 2002. Web. 11 April 2012. http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1039/ANR-1039.pdf.Bland, Eric. Discovery News. 8 November 2009. Web. 28 March 2012. http://news.discovery.com/tech/spider-silk-artificial-muscle.html.
Croes, Tamara. Spider Venom is a Useful Medicine and Research Tool. 18 March 2011. Web. 29 March 2012. http://tamara-croes.suite101.com/spider-venom-is-useful--medicine-and-research-tool-a358462.
"Making Stuff." NOVA. PBS. 19 January 2011. Web. 28 March 2012. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/science/jan-june11/nova_01-19.html.
Platnick, Norman I. "The World Spider Catalog, Version 10.5." 2000-2012. American Museum of Natural History. Web. 11 March 2012. <http://research.amnh.org/iz/spiders/catalog/COUNTS.html>.
Robertson, Matthew. Insects and Spiders. Ed. Brownwyn Sweeney. Pleasantville: Reader's Digest Children's Publishing Inc., 2000. Print.
Soyatech. Corn Facts. 2000-2012. Web. 11 April 2012. <http://www.soyatech.com/corn_facts.htm>.
Wilsdon, Christina. First Field Guide: Insects . New York: Scholastic Inc. 1998. Print.
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